Intermittent subcutaneous morphine regimen for postoperative pain management following abdominal hysterectomy regarding morphine- and beta-endorphin systemic concentrations.
OBJECTIVES: Systemic β-endorphin, an endogenous opioid and stress hormone, has been demonstrated to correlate with the postoperative pain intensity, however its putative role as a postoperative pain biomarker has not been cleared.
METHODS: Thirty patients scheduled for elective hysterectomy were included into th.....