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Journal Article 2012; 33(Suppl 3): 113-119 PubMed PMID: 23353853 Citation  Keywords:  Animals, Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury:metabolism, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Gills:drug effects, Hepatocytes:drug effects, Herbicides:pharmacokinetics, Kidney:drug effects, Models, Biological, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances:metab.   

OBJECTIVES: Terbuthylazine belongs to the group of symmetrical triazine herbicides used extensively in agriculture and non-agricultural sites, primarily to control broadleaf and some grassy weeds that have become ubiquitous contaminants of the environment. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of terbuthylazine in surface waters on fish under experimental conditions. The effects of subchronic exposure to terbuthylazine on fish growth and the development of histopathological changes in selected organs (gill, kidney, liver), and on the activity of some biochemical parameters - glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and on the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in Danio rerio were investigated during a 28 day toxicity test.r />r /> METHODS: Juvenile growth tests were performed on Danio rerio according to OECD guideline No. 215. Fish at the age of 30 days were exposed for 28 days to a range of sublethal concentrations of terbuthylazine (0.55 - environmental concentration, 150, 400, 700 and 1000 μg/L).r />r /> RESULTS: There were no significant differences (p<0.05) between the specific growth rates (r) of the test groups and control group. Histopathological examination revealed pathological changes only in the liver in fish exposed to terbuthylazine at concentrations of 700 and 1000 μg/L. Significant differences (p<0.05) in activities of biochemical markers were found in GST (400, 700 and 1000 μg/L), GR (700 and 1000 μg/L), significant differences (p<0.05) of TBARS concentration were found at 1000 μg/L.r />r /> CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of growth rate, the histopathological examination of selected organs, and the results of biochemical parameters, it was found that the environmental concentration of terbuthylazine did not have any effects on juvenile D. rerio. The values of NOEC and LOEC for terbuthylazine for juvenile D. rerio were 150 μg/L and 400 μg/L....

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Comparative Study 2012; 33(Suppl 3): 107-112 PubMed PMID: 23353852 Citation  Keywords:  Biological Assay, Biomass, Chlorophyta:drug effects, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Ecosystem, Platinum:toxicity, Platinum Compounds:toxicity, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants, Chemical:toxicity,.   

OBJECTIVES: An enhanced worldwide application of platinum group elements (PGE), in particular platinum, has been observed during recent decades. An increased concentration of PGE was determined in collected samples of great amount of aqueous ecosystems.The aim was to compare phytotoxic effect of platinum (PtCl4) by performing two different bioassays on green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and macrophyte duckweed, Lemna minor. MEDTHODS: The algal experiment (Pseudokichneriella subcapitata) followed OECD 201, the concentration row for PtCl4 was: 0.05; 0.01; 0.25; 0.5; 1 µM. The duckweed (Lemna minor) experiment was conducted according to OECD 221, employed PtCl4 concentrations were: 5; 10; 25; 50; 100 µM. Plants were cultivated as a microbiotest, using micro-volumes.r />r /> RESULTS: The results of the algal test showed significant growth inhibition of the final biomass. The values of 72hEC5(µ), 72hEC10(µ), 72hEC20(µ) counted on a basis of average specific growth rate (µ) were 0.31 µM, 0.58 µM and 1.12 µM of PtCl4, respectively. The values, obtained on a basis of the area under the growth curves (A), were 0.04 µM (72hEC5(A)), 0.24 µM (72hEC10(A)) and 0.64 µM (72hEC20(A)). The experiment with duckweed showed 50% of growth inhibition and the values of 168hEC50(µ) were 19.55 µM and 168hEC50(A) 13.63 µM of PtCl4.r />r /> CONCLUSION: The fronds of duckweed showed strong adverse effect of platinum influence (chlorosis, necrosis). The algal test and the estimation of 72hEC5(A) appears to be the most sensitive....

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Journal Article 2012; 33(Suppl 3): 96-106 PubMed PMID: 23353851 Citation  Keywords:  Adjuvants, Immunologic:pharmacology, Animal Feed, Animals, Blood Proteins:metabolism, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Fisheries:methods, Immune System:drug effects, Oncorhynchus mykiss:blood, Pleurotus:chemistry, beta-Glucans:pharmacology,.   

OBJECTIVES: Effect of long-term oral administration of three different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0%) of micronized β-1.3/1.6-D-glucan derived from oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus, Hiratake) on biometrical, haematological, biochemical, and immunological indices of half-year-old rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was assessed in the study.r />r /> DESIGN: Rainbow trout were feed commercial feed pellets containing β-1.3/1.6-D-glucan in the concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% for 85 days. Biometrical indices consisted in total and standard length, body and liver weight, from which derived somatic parameters such as Fulton´s condition factor and hepatosomatic index were calculated. Haematological parameters were evaluated according to unified methods for haematological examination in fish. Plasma biochemical profile was analysed using biochemical analyser Konelab 20i and Easy Lyte Analyzer. A phagocyte cells metabolic activity (induced chemiluminescence of phagocytes) was determined as an immunological parameter by a microplate luminometric method on Immunotech LM-01T.r />r /> RESULTS: No clinical signs of behavioral, respiratory, or neurologic distress were observed in rainbow trout. Fish showed normal feeding behavior. As for biometric parameters, no significant changes in total and standard length, body weight, liver weight, as well as in condition factor and hepatosomatic index of experimental and control fish were found. In the course of the study, weight gains in rainbow trout were similar and continuous. Shifts in PCV (p<0.05), haemoglobin (p<0.05), and MCHC (p<0.01) were found within haematological indices. Plasma concentration of glucose, lactate, total protein, cholesterol, calcium, natrium, potassium (all p<0.05), albumins and chlorides (both p<0.01), as well as catalytic activities of ALT and AST (both p<0.05) were changed in the course of the study. A phagocyte cells metabolic activity (luminol-induced chemiluminescence) in rainbow trout was not altered by oyster mushroom β-1.3/1.6-D-glucan administration.r />r /> CONCLUSION: After long-term oral administration of three concentrations of micronized β-1.3/1.6-D-glucan derived from oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus, Hiratake) shifts in haematological and biochemical profiling were found in half-year-old rainbow trout (O. mykiss) in environmental conditions of a commercial rainbow trout fishery. Biometrical indices were not found significantly altered. No specific effect of β-glucan on immune system response of rainbow trout was found in the study. The use of β-glucan in prosperous, clinically healthy aquaculture is still an issue, nevertheless, its use in breedings endangered by stress stimuli, infectious diseases or adverse environmental factors is indisputable....

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Journal Article 2012; 33(Suppl 3): 90-95 PubMed PMID: 23353850 Citation  Keywords:  Animals, Carps:embryology, Czech Republic, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Embryo, Nonmammalian:drug effects, Female, Herbicides:toxicity, Kidney:drug effects, Male, Models, Biological, Ovum:drug effects, Rivers:chemistry, Simazine:toxicity, Toxicity Te.   

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to assess the toxicity of simazine in different developmental stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on the basis of mortality, early ontogeny, occurrence of morphological anomalies, growth rate, and Fulton's condition factor during and at the conclusion of the test.r />r /> DESIGN: The toxicity tests were performed on carp according to OECD 210 methodologies. The developmental stages of carp were exposed to simazine at four concentrations, 0.06, (reported concentration in Czech rivers), 60, 600, and 3000 µg/l for 36 days and compared to carp in a non-treated control group.r />r /> RESULTS: Simazine in concentration 0.06 µg/l had no effect on early life stages of carp. Simazine in concentration 600 and 3000 µg/l caused decrease of mass and total length of carp. Fish exposed to three highest levels of simazine showed alteration of tubular system of caudal kidney. On the basis of histopatological changes the values of LOEC = 60 µg/l, NOEC = 0.06 µg/l for simazine were estimated.r />r /> CONCLUSIONS: Chronic simazine exposure of early-life stages of common carp affected their growth rate, and histology. Some of the changes were observed only at higher exposures (600, 3000 µg/l), but change founded in caudal kidney was affected in fish exposed to the second lowest concentration tested (i.e., 60 µg/l), which is about 10 µg/l higher than reported in Colorado rivers in recent years. Concentrations of simazine in World rivers have been reported to generally vary in the range 0.0003-49.20 µg/l....

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Journal Article 2012; 33(Suppl 3): 84-89 PubMed PMID: 23353849 Citation  Keywords:  Animals, Cadmium:metabolism, Copper:metabolism, Cyprinidae:metabolism, Environmental Monitoring, Food Contamination, Humans, Iron:metabolism, Lead:metabolism, Manganese:metabolism, Metals:metabolism, Muscle, Skeletal:metabolism, Nickel:metabolism, Rivers:.   

OBJECTIVES: This study presents a rate of bioaccumulation of some metal concentrations in the muscle of five common cyprinid fish species (gudgeon - Gobio gobio, Europen chub - Leuciscus cephalus, barbel - Barbus barbus, roach - Rutilus rutilus, and nase - Chondrostoma nasus).r />r /> DESIGN: Besides, correlations among selected metals as well as standard length and total weight and order of metal accumulation in the fish muscle were determined.r />r /> RESULTS: Recorded metal concentrations (mg/kg wet weight basis) ranged as follows: Fe 4.23-22.95, Mn 0.10-0.72, Zn 16.26-166.90, Cu 15.39-25.97, Ni 0.00-3.72, Pb 0.00-1.81, and Cd 0.00-0.11.r />r /> CONCLUSIONS: The Slovak permissible limit for Cu (10.0 mg/kg), Ni (0.5 mg/kg), Pb (0.2 mg/kg) and Cd (0.05 mg/kg) defined in the Codex Alimentarius for safe human consumption exceeded in 100%, 12%, 6% and 10% of analyzed samples for Cu, Ni, Pb and Cd respectively. On an average, the order of metal concentrations in the fish muscle was: Zn>Cu>Fe>Mn>Ni>Pb>Cd....

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Journal Article 2012; 33(Suppl 3): 77-83 PubMed PMID: 23353848 Citation  Keywords:  Animals, Bacterial Toxins:toxicity, Biomass, Carcinogens:toxicity, Carps:immunology, Ciliophora, Cyanobacteria:growth & development, Fish Diseases:immunology, Immune System:immunology, Leukocyte Count, Marine Toxins:toxicity, Microcystins:toxicity, Protoz.   

OBJECTIVES: Under environmental conditions, fish can be exposed to multiple stressors including natural toxins and infectious agents at the same time. This study brings new knowledge on the effects of controlled exposure to multiple stressors in fish. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that influence of cyanobacterial biomass and an infection agent represented by the white spot disease can combine to enhance the effects on fish.r />r /> METHODS: Common carps were divided into four groups, each with 40 specimens for 20 days: control group, cyanobacterial biomass exposed group, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis-infected fish (Ich) and cyanobacterial biomass-exposed fish + Ichthyophthirius multifiliis-infected fish. During the experiment we evaluated the clinical signs, mortality, selected haematological parameters, immune parameters and toxin accumulation.r />r /> RESULTS: There was no mortality in control fish and cyanobacterial biomass-exposed fish. One specimen died in Ichthyophthirius multifiliis-infected fish and the combined exposure resulted in the death of 13 specimens. The whole leukocyte counts (WBC) of the control group did not show any significant differences. Cyanobacteria alone caused a significant increase of the WBC on day 13 (p≤0.05) and on day 20 (p≤0.01). Also, I. multifiliis caused a significant elevation of WBC (p≤0.01) on day 20. Co-exposition resulted in WBC increased on day 13 and decrease on day 20, but the changes were not significant. It is evident from the differential leukocyte counts that while the increase of WBC in the group exposed to cyanobacteria was caused by elevation of lymphocytes, the increase in the group infected by I. multifiliis was due to the increase of myeloid cells. It well corresponds with the integral of chemiluminescence in the group infected by I. multifiliis, which is significantly elevated on day 20 in comparison with all other groups.r />r /> CONCLUSIONS: We can confirm additive action of different agents on the immune system of fish. While single agents seemed to stimulate the immune response, the combination of both caused immunosuppression....

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Journal Article 2012; 33(Suppl 3): 72-76 PubMed PMID: 23353847 Citation  Keywords:  Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal:toxicity, Aspirin:toxicity, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Embryo, Nonmammalian:drug effects, Inactivation, Metabolic:physiology, Lethal Dose 50, Oxidative Stress:drug effects, Toxicity Tests, Acute, Wat.   

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the acute toxicity of acetylsalicylic acid to embryonic and juvenile stages of aquarium fish - zebrafish (Danio rerio), oxidative stress parameters and detoxifying enzyme.r />r /> METHODS: Tests were performed according to OECD No. 203 (Fish, acute toxicity test) and OECD No. 212 (Fish, short-term toxicity test on embryo and sac-fry stages) methodology.r />r /> RESULTS: The results showed the mean acetylsalicylic acid LC50 value to be 567.7 mg/L in juvenile zebrafish. The acute toxicity of acetylsalicylic acid for zebrafish embryos was 274.6 mg/L. Statistically significantly higher activity of GST was found in concentrations 340, 380 and 420 mg/L of acetylsalicylic acid. TBARS, GPx and GST didn't show statistically significant activity in tested concentrations of acetylsalicylic acid.r />r /> CONCLUSIONS: The results revealed a statistically significantly higher degree of sensitivity in the embryonic stages of zebrafish compared to its juveniles. Acetylsalicylic acid did not cause statistically significantly higher antioxidative defence in zebrafish....

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Comparative Study 2012; 33(Suppl 3): 66-71 PubMed PMID: 23353846 Citation  Keywords:  Aminobenzoates:toxicity, Anesthetics:pharmacology, Animals, Aquaculture:methods, Blood Proteins:metabolism, Clove Oil:pharmacology, Erythrocyte Count, Esocidae:blood, Ethylene Glycols:pharmacology, Etomidate:pharmacology, Hematocrit, Perches:blood,.   

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the study were to compare the effects of Propiscin, 2-phenoxyethanol, clove oil and tricaine methane sulphonate (MS 222), anaesthetics frequently used in aquaculture.r />r /> DESIGN: The haematological and biochemical blood profiles of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca L.) anesthetized with Propiscin (1.5 ml L-1), 2-phenoxyethanol (0.3 ml L-1), clove oil (33 mg L-1), MS 222 (150 mg L-1) and non-anesthetized control group were tested. Each tested group was divided into two subgroups, the first subgroup was sampled in anaesthesia 10 min after application of the anaesthetic and the second one live on 24h.r />r /> RESULTS: The erythrocyte count and haematocrit was significantly decreased in 2-phenoxyethanol (24 h) compared with control group (CG). The mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration was significantly increased in 2-phenoxyethanol (10 min), Propiscin (10 min and 24 h) compared to CG. The 2-phenoxyethanol (10 min and 24 h), MS 222 (24 h), clove oil (24 h), and Propiscin (10 min and 24 h) showed significantly lower leukocyte count compared with CG. The level of glucose was significantly (p<0.05) elevated with MS 222 (10 min) and clove oil (10 min) compared with CG. The 2-phenoxyethanol (10 min and 24 h), MS 222 (24 h), clove oil (24 h), and Propiscin (24 h) showed significantly lower (p<0.01) ammonia levels compared with CG. The triacylglycerols was significantly decreased (p<0.01) with Propiscin (10 min and 24 h), MS 222 (24 h), clove oil (24 h) and with 2-phenoxyethanol (24 h) compared with CG. After 24 hours MS 222 (24 h) and Propiscin (24 h) anaesthesia, fish showed significantly lower (p<0.01) concentration of inorganic phosphate compared with CG.r />r /> CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of this experiment, it appears that clove oil was associated with the lowest effects in pikeperch and therefore would be recommended as an alternative to MS 222, while Propiscin and 2-phenoxyethanol are not suitable for manipulation with pikeperch in aquaculture....

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