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Journal Article 2016; 37(Suppl 1): 67-77 PubMed PMID: 28263533 Citation  Keywords:  Animals, Carps, Disinfectants:toxicity, Formaldehyde:toxicity, Toxicity Tests:methods,.   

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to assess the effects of a treatment bath in a formalin solution on fish, focusing on haematological, biochemical and histopathological profiles.

METHODS: A total of 96 common carps (Cyprinus carpio) were randomly assigned to eight groups. Four experimental groups were placed in the test solution for 60 minutes. The concentration of the formalin bath was 0.17 ml/l (38% formaldehyde), with the water temperature of 20°C. The effects of the bath were monitored immediately (E0) and 24 hours (E24h), 48 hours (E48h) and 10 days (E10d) after the bath. There was a control group (C0, C24h, C48h, C10d) for each of the experimental groups.

RESULTS: Histopathological indices were strongly affected. Extensive changes were found on gill and skin immediately and also after 24 h, 48 h and 10 d of the formalin treatment bath. A plurality of mucinous elements was observed on the skin. Moreover, structural devastation of lamellas and numerous mucinous cells were observed on the gill. Changes were also found in haematological and biochemical indices.

CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that after applying the treatment bath in the formalin solution, the monitored profiles were affected immediately after the bath and also after 10 days (histopathological changes of skin and gill). Such significant impact of therapeutic formalin bath should be considered in treatment of fish.

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Journal Article 2016; 37(Suppl 1): 60-66 PubMed PMID: 28263532 Citation  Keywords:  Animals, Carps:metabolism, Insecticides:toxicity, Pyrethrins:toxicity, Toxicity Tests:methods,.   

OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to assess the acute effect of cypermethrin on common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Evaluation of toxicity effects of cypermethrin on carp was performed on based assessment of hematological profile, antioxidant and oxidative biomarkers and histopathology.

METHODS: For testing of toxicity was used the commercial product Cyperkill 25 EC - CY, which contains 250 g.L-1 of cypermethrin. Carp were exposed to two concentrations (1CY - 4.57 µg.L-1 and 2CY - 45.7 µg.L-1) of CY and a control for 96 hours.

RESULTS: Significant reduction (p<0.05) in leukocyte count were in fish exposed to concentration 45.7 µg.L-1 (2CY). The both exposure of CY lead to significant differences (p<0.01) in antioxidants biomarkers (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, reduced glutathione and glutathione S-transferase) and in lipid peroxidation in carp tissues. Many of these changes were observed in liver, gills, muscle, intestine, brain and kidney. Additionally, exposure to CY caused many histological changes in gills, liver and caudal kidney.

CONCLUSION: Exposure to CY caused hematological, biochemical and histopathological changes in carp. This study provides and complements other important results for evaluating the toxicity effect of pyrethroids on fish.

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Journal Article 2016; 37(Suppl 1): 53-59 PubMed PMID: 28263531 Citation  Keywords:  Animals, Antioxidants:metabolism, Astacoidea:metabolism, Biomarkers, Insecticides:toxicity, Oxidative Stress, Pyrethrins:toxicity, Toxicity Tests:methods,.   

OBJECTIVES: Pyrethroid insecticides are known to be highly toxic to non-target aquatic organisms. Toxic effects of different types of pyrethroids to fish has been well described but there is a dearth of data on their effects to aquatic crustaceans. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a commercial product Cyperkill 25 EC (25% of cypermethrin as an active substance) on oxidative stress and antioxidants activity in marbled crayfish.

DESIGN: The juvenile crayfish were exposed to two concentrations of Cyperkill 25 EC: 0.02 µg.L-1 (10% 96hLC50) and 0.05 µg.L-1 (30% 96hLC50) for 72 hours. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transpherase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH), as well as levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were assessed in the whole-body homogenate.

RESULTS: Cyperkill 25 EC in both tested concentrations caused significant (p<0.01) decreased in levels of TBARS. Changes in the antioxidants activity were observed in every examined parameters except for the catalase. Cyperkill 25 EC in concentration 0.05 µg.L-1 caused significant increase (p<0.05) of SOD activity and significant decrease of GST (p<0.01) and GSH (p<0.05) activity. The activity of GR was significantly (p<0.01) decreased in both treated groups.

CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that Cyperkill 25 EC causes oxidative stress and also disruption of antioxidant systems in crayfish. Expanding to our previous knowledge, obtained results describe effects of cypermethrin also to non-target aquatic invertebrates and suggest a need of deeper understanding of mechanisms involved in this process.

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Journal Article 2016; 37(Suppl 1): 45-52 PubMed PMID: 28263530 Citation  Keywords:  Czech Republic, Environmental Monitoring:methods, Flame Retardants:toxicity, Geologic Sediments:analysis, Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers:toxicity, Rivers, Toxicity Tests:methods, Water Pollutants, Chemical:toxicity,.   

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the contamination level of aquatic ecosystems of the Svitava River, situated in the South Moravian Region (Czech Republic), by residues of selected brominated flame retardants. We isolated and determined seven indicator PBDE congeners in samples of surface water and bottom sediments using optimized analytical methods.

DESIGN: Samples were collected from eight locations along the river basin, particularly near the larger cities in order to assess their possible impact on the aquatic ecosystems. Isolation of selected analytes was performed using the methods of liquid-liquid extraction and cold extraction. Column chromatography and rotary vacuum evaporation were used for the purification and pre-concentration of extracts. Final identification and quantification were carried out by gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detector (GC/ECD).

RESULTS: The sum of PBDEs was calculated for individual BDE congeners. Average concentrations of the sum of PBDEs ranged from 56.35 to 614.0 µg.kg-1 of the dry matter in sediment, and concentrations under the detection limits (<LOD) up to 335.3 ng.L-1 in water. The most loaded locations were Adamov, Brno-Tuřany and the location near the former Essler textile factory.

CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring of PBDEs in the environment, especially in the aquatic ecosystem, is a topical issue due to their growing worldwide application as flame retardants in many products of daily use. Results of this study documented not only potential sources of contamination in the most polluted locations, but also confirmed the lasting presence and accumulation of PBDEs in the environment.

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Journal Article 2016; 37(Suppl 1): 38-44 PubMed PMID: 28263529 Citation  Keywords:  Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents:toxicity, Ecosystem, Soil Pollutants:toxicity, Toxicity Tests, Water Pollutants, Chemical:toxicity,.   

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the ecotoxicity of selected antibiotics (i.e. penicillin G, vancomycin and tetracycline) using ecotoxicological tests. Tests were conducted on organisms representing all trophic levels of the aquatic ecosystem, namely producers (green freshwater algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), consumers (water fleas Daphnia magna) and decomposers (bacteria Vibrio fischeri). The effect of antibiotics on the representative of edaphon was measured by testing the inhibition of the reproduction of springtails Folsomia candida and earthworms Eisenia fetida.

DESIGN: Methodologically, the procedure was carried out in accordance with the following standards: OECD 201 (Fresh water algal growth inhibition test), OECD 202 (Inhibition of the mobility of Daphnia magna), ISO 11348-2 (Inhibitory effect of antibiotics on the light emission of Vibrio fischeri), OECD 232 (Inhibition of reproduction of Collembola Folsomia candida) and OECD 222 (Inhibition of reproduction of Eisenia fetida).

RESULTS: In aquatic organisms the highest level of toxicity was shown by tetracycline to algae (72hEC50 = 1.82 mg.l-1) and daphnia (48hEC50 = 8.16 mg.l-1). The least toxic for all test organisms was penicillin G. The results of the tests performed on the representative of edaphon, Folsomia candida, showed that its reproduction was most inhibited by penicillin G (28dEC50 = 328 mg.kg-1) and least by tetracycline (28dEC50 = 2560 mg.kg-1). Similar results were observed in Eisenia fetida (56dEC50 = 348 mg.kg-1 for penicillin G and 56dEC50 = 2735 mg.kg-1 for tetracycline.

CONCLUSION: The ecotoxicity of antibiotics differed significantly depending on the test organism and testing conditions....

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Journal Article 2016; 37(Suppl 1): 33-37 PubMed PMID: 28263528 Citation  Keywords:  Animals, Czech Republic, Environmental Pollution:legislation & jurisprudence, Metals, Heavy, Military Personnel, Risk Assessment, Rivers, Trout, Water Pollutants, Chemical,.   

OBJECTIVES: This study to assess the environmental pollution status in streams (Loutecky, Spicak, Olsina, Trebovicky, Polecnicky and Luzny) from the Boletice area.

DESIGN: Were determined of some metal (Hg, Pb, Cd) concentrations in the muscle and correlations among selected metals as well as standard length and total weight in brown trouth - Salmo trutta morpha fario.

RESULTS: The contents of the analyzed metals in muscles were Hg 0.19-0.72, Pb 0.01-0.6 and Cd 0.020-0.083 mg/kg wet weight basis and these concentrations did not exceed the limits admissible in the Czech Republic.

CONCLUSIONS: The Czech republic permissible limit for Hg (0.5 mg/kg to omnivors, 1 mg/kg to predators), Pb (0.3 mg/kg) and Cd (0.05 mg/kg) defined in the Codex Alimentarius for safe human consumption exceeded in 6%, 3%, and 0% of analyzed samples for Hg, Pb and Cd respectively. On an average, the order of metal concentrations in the fish muscle was: Hg>Pb>Cd.

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Journal Article 2016; 37(Suppl 1): 25-32 PubMed PMID: 28263527 Citation  Keywords:  Health Facilities, Humans, Mutagenicity Tests:methods, Waste Water:toxicity, Water Pollutants, Chemical:toxicity,.   

: Health care facilities use for therapeutic purposes, diagnostics, research, and disinfection a high number of chemical compounds, such as pharmaceuticals (e.g. antibiotics, cytostatics, antidepressants), disinfectants, surfactants, metals, radioactive elements, bleach preparations, etc. Hospitals consume significant amounts of water (in the range of 400 to 1200 liters/day/bed) corresponding to the amount of wastewater discharge. Some of these chemicals are not eliminated in wastewater treatment plants and are the source of pollution for surface and groundwater supplies. Hospital wastewater represents chemical and biological risks for public and environmental health as many of these compounds might be genotoxic and are suspected to contribute to the increased incidence of cancer observed during the last decades. The changes of the genetic information can have a lethal effect, but more often cause tumor processes or mutations in embryonic development causing serious defects. A review of the available literature on the mutagenicity/genotoxicity of medical facilities wastewater is presented in this article....

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Journal Article 2016; 37(Suppl 1): 17-24 PubMed PMID: 28263526 Citation  Keywords:  Animals, Biological Assay:methods, Environmental Monitoring, Fishes, Toxicity Tests:methods, Waste Water:toxicity, Water Pollutants, Chemical:toxicity,.   

: Wastewater, especially containing hospital effluents, exhibits high chemical complexity and specificity since it includes various chemicals, biocides, pharmaceuticals, surfactants, radionuclides, disinfectants and pathogens. Biological tests provide true evidence of the wastewater quality and unlike chemical analytical tests show comprehensive pollution effects on the environment and human health. Normalized conventional bioassays are not sensitive enough for ecotoxicological evaluation of wastewater and there is a great need for the development of suitable sensitive bioassays in order to characterize properly the residual toxicity of treated effluents. Provisions of binding EU legislation regarding protection of animals used for scientific purposes and legislation dealing with test methods for identification and classification of health hazard of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biocides, medical devices and consumer products such as cosmetics for environmental ecosystems and for man require to employ alternative toxicological methods respecting the 3Rs concept with priority given to methods in vitro. The Fish Embryo Test (FET) is identified as a relevant, reliable and efficient alternative test method in vitro for determination of acute toxicity for fish. Using the FET, additional toxicological endpoints may be investigated to assess organ specific bioaccumulation, genotoxicity and mutagenicity, developmental toxicity, teratogenicity, various forms of neurotoxicity or endocrine disruptivity. The addition of multiparametric sensitive endpoints makes the FET a true alternative in vitro assay and a powerful tool in toxicology.

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