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Journal Article 2014; 35(Suppl 2): 93-98 PubMed PMID: 25638372 Citation  Keywords:  Animals, Astacoidea:drug effects, Embryo, Nonmammalian:drug effects, Herbicides:toxicity, Prometryne:toxicity,.   

<p>OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to assess the toxicity of prometryne in early life stages of marbled crayfish (Procambarus fallax f. virginalis) on the basis of mortality, early ontogeny, growth rate, and histopathology during and at the end of the test.

DESIGN: The early life stages of marbled crayfish were exposed to prometryne at four concentrations, 0.51, (reported concentration in Czech rivers), 144, 1440, and 4320 μg x l(-1) for 53 days and compared to crayfish in a non-treated control group. RESU LTS: Prometryne in concentration 144, 1444 and 4320 μg x l(-1) caused decrease of weight and specific growth rates of crayfish. Crayfish exposed the highest concentration 4320 μg x l(-1) showed delay in ontogeny development. All crayfish groups exposed to prometryne showed histopathological changes in gill. On the basis of histopathological changes the values of LOEC = 0.51 μg x l(-1) and NOEC = for 0.10 μg x l(-1) of prometryne for marbled crayfish juveniles was estimated.

CONCLUSIONS: Chronic exposure of prometryne on early life stages of crayfish has affected their mortality, growth rate, and histology. Some of the changes were observed only at higher exposures (144, 1444 and 4320 μg x l(-1)), but histopathological changes in gills were observed also in crayfish exposed to the real environmental concentration in Czech rivers (i.e. 0.51 μg x l(-1)), which is about 9 times lower than maximal concentration (4.40 μg x l(-1)) reported in surface waters of Greece. Concentrations of prometryne in World rivers have been reported to generally vary in the range of 0.1-4.40 μg x l(-1).p>...

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Journal Article 2014; 35(Suppl 2): 86-92 PubMed PMID: 25638371 Citation  Keywords:  Animals, Carps:blood, Oxidants:pharmacology, Peracetic Acid:pharmacology,.   

<p>OBJECTIVES: The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of peracetic acid (PAA) on haematotological and biochemical indices, antioxidant status, micronucleus induction and histopathological alterations of liver and gill in grass carp.

METHODS: Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) juveniles were exposed to therapeutic concentrations (1, and 3 mg x l(-1)) of PAA for a period of 10 days. Selected haematotological indices--the erythrocyte count (RBC), haematocrit (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and leukocyte count (WBC), and biochemical indices--glucose (Glu), total protein (TP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were evaluated in plasma. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR), as well as levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were assessed in gill and liver. Micronucleus frequency in peripheral erythrocytes was counted in control and experimental fish. Histological examinations of gill and liver were performed.

RESULTS: No significant differences were found in haematological parameters measured. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) alterations in the activities of AST, CK and LDH were found in treated fish compared to control groups. Fish exposed to 1 mg x l(-1) of PAA showed significantly lower (p < 0.05) SOD activity in liver and gill while catalase activity indicated a significant decrease (p < 0.05) only in gill tissue. Other significant changes were observed in GR activity in gill in both PAA exposed groups, while GR activity in liver remained unchanged. There was no significant difference in the count of micronuclei between control and exposed fish. Haemorrhage, fusion of primary lamellae, degeneration of secondary lamellae, some clubbing on primary and secondary lamellae tips, and lifting of epithelial cells were found in gill tissues in both control and treated fish.

CONCLUSION: The results show that PAA could induce alterations in biochemical parameters in blood plasma, antioxidant enzymes response and histopathological changes in gill; however, it seems that these changes are reversible. Subsequently, lower concentration (1 mg x l(-1)) is useable as a treatment concentration for grass carp.p>...

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Journal Article 2014; 35(Suppl 2): 81-85 PubMed PMID: 25638370 Citation  Keywords:  Aminobenzoates:pharmacology, Anesthetics:pharmacology, Animals, Clove Oil:pharmacology, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Etomidate:pharmacology, Perches, Temperature, Water,.   

<p>OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the study were to compare the different doses of clove oil, Propiscin, and tricaine methane sulphonate (MS 222) in relation to water temperature in pikeperch aquaculture.

DESIGN: For assessment of this experiment 168 fish (10.77 ± 0.59 cm total body length and 7.88 ± 1.74 g body weight) were used. Three different anaesthetic treatments (Propiscin, clove oil and MS 222) were used. Three doses of each anaesthetic treatment (Propiscin: 0.5; 1; 1.5 ml x L(-1), clove oil: 15; 30; 60 mg x L(-1), MS 222: 50; 100; 150 mg x L(-1)) were compared at three different temperatures 9.5; 15.5 and 23 degrees C.

RESULTS: In comparison of these doses of anaesthetic in different temperature, the significantly shortest time to attain phase A7 (total complete anaesthesia) was observed for Propiscin (1.5 ml L(-1)) 0:31 ± 0:04 min (23 degrees C) to 0:33 ± 0:25 min (9.5 degrees C) compared to MS 222 (150 mg x L(-1)) 1:04 ± 0:21 min (23 degrees C) to 1:54 ± 0:32 min (9.5 degrees C) and clove oil (60 mg x L(-1)) 1:05 ± 0:17 min (23 degrees C) to 3:05 ± 0:31 min (9.5 degrees C). On the other hand, the longest time of anaesthesia recovery was attained using Propiscin (1.5 ml x L(-1)) 10:35 ± 1:40 min (23 degrees C) to 32:30 ± 1:10 min (9.5 degrees C) compared to clove oil (60 mg x L(-1)) 2:39 ± 0:50 min (23 degrees C) to 9:36 ± 2:34 min (60 mg x L(-1), 9.5 degrees C) and MS 222 (150 mg x L(-1)) 2:26 ± 1:27 min (23 degrees C) to 4:59 ± 0:39 min (9.5 degrees C).

CONCLUSIONS: The results from this study showed that the optimal and sufficient doses in all tested temperatures for pikeperch are 30 mg x L(-1) of clove oil, 100 mg x L(-1) of MS 222 and 0.5 ml x L(-1) of Propiscin.p>...

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Journal Article 2014; 35(Suppl 2): 71-80 PubMed PMID: 25638369 Citation  Keywords:  Animals, Antioxidants:pharmacology, Carotenoids:pharmacology, Carps:metabolism, Chloramines:pharmacology, Diet, Oxidative Stress:drug effects, Sulfonamides:pharmacology, Tosyl Compounds:pharmacology,.   

<p>OBJECTIVES: In fish aquaculture, disinfectants are used against bacterial and protozoal infections. These compounds cause oxidative stress that may stimulate the generation of reactive oxygen species, and subsequently the alteration in antioxidant systems of exposed organisms. Antioxidants like carotenoids present in microalgae increase carp resistance to oxidative stress after chemical treatment.

DESIGN: The aim of these experiments was to prove increased resistance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) juveniles fed on experimental diets with microalgae biomass supplement (Algadiets) to oxidative stress caused by a disinfectant chloramine-T. In indoor experiments fish were fed on laboratory-prepared extruded diets containing supplement of Chlorella spp. (cf. C. vulgaris Beijerinck) biomass which contains antioxidants (carotenoids) like lutein. The young-of-the-year-old fish were acclimatized and fed on basal diet (control group) and the on diets containing 1, 2, 5 and 10% (w/w) of spray-dried Chlorella biomass (Algadiet 1, 2, 5 and 10) for 14 days followed by 6 weeks. Consequently, fish were treated daily with chloramine-T (Chl-T) at concentration of 10 mg x l(-1) for 1 h in three consecutive days. After this treatment, the indices of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activity were assayed in fish gill, muscle and hepatopancreas.

RESULTS: The fish fed on different Algadiets had increased antioxidant enzyme activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and catalase in flesh after the exposure to Chl-T. Higher activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were also observed in the hepatopancreas in all tested concentrations compared to the control group fed on the basal diet. The increased production and activity of antioxidant enzymes confirmed improved protection ability of fish tissues against oxidative damage when microalgae biomass was supplemented to the fish diet which was more pronounced by higher microalgae supplement in Algadiet 5 and 10 where the content of carotenoids was 105 mg and 214 mg per kilogram of fed, respectively.

CONCLUSION: The results show the positive effect of carotenoids from microalgae biomass to maintain the antioxidant capacity which increases resistance of fish to oxidative stress.p>...

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Journal Article 2014; 35(Suppl 2): 64-70 PubMed PMID: 25638368 Citation  Keywords:  Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents:toxicity, Ciprofloxacin:toxicity, Oxidative Stress:drug effects, Toxicity Tests, Subchronic, Zebrafish,.   

<p>OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of ciprofloxacin in Danio rerio on growth, on the development of histopathological changes in selected organs (gills, kidney, liver), and on the activity of some oxidative stress markers during a 28-day toxicity test.

METHODS: Juvenile growth tests were performed on D. rerio according to OECD guideline No. 215. Fish at the age of 30 days were exposed for 28 days to a range of concentrations of ciprofloxacin (0.7 μg x L(-1)--environmental concentration, 100, 650, 1100 and 3 000 μg x L(-1)).

RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the specific growth rates of fish from the test groups and from the control group. Histopathological examination revealed no pathological changes in organs of fish exposed to any ciprofloxacin concentration. The activity of glutathione S-transferase increased at the ciprofloxacin concentrations of 0.7 and 100 μg x L(-1) compared to the control. A significant decrease in glutathione reductase activity was obtained in fish exposed to ciprofloxacin at 1100 and 3000 μg x L(-1); a significant decrease in glutathione peroxidase activity was also found, but at all tested concentrations except for 100 μg x L(-1). A decrease in the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances was noted only at 100 μg x L(-1) compared to the control.

CONCLUSIONS: According to our results, all tested concentrations of ciprofloxacin, including the environmental concentration, had an influence on oxidative stress markers and detoxifying enzymes in exposed fish, but did not affect fish growth or cause the development of histopathological changes in the fish organism.p>...

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Journal Article 2014; 35(Suppl 2): 57-63 PubMed PMID: 25638367 Citation  Keywords:  Animals, Arsenic:toxicity, Biomass, Cyanobacteria, Environmental Exposure, Microcystins:toxicity, Oncorhynchus mykiss:blood,.   

<p>OBJECTIVES: Fish can be exposed under environmental conditions to multiple stressors including natural toxins and environmental or feed contamination at the same time. This study brings new knowledge about the effects of controlled exposure to multiple stressors in fish. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that influence of cyanobacterial biomass and arsenic in feed can combine to enhance the effects on fish.

METHODS: Rainbow trouts were sorted into six groups, each with 25 specimens: control group (fed with commercial feed), groups exposed to toxic cyanobacterial biomass (81 mg x kg(-1) MCs of feed), two groups exposed to arsenic (concentration of 5 mg x kg(-1), and 50 mg x kg(-1) of fish feed) and two groups exposed to combination of cyanobacterial biomass and arsenic in two concentrations mentioned above. The experiment lasted 30 days. During the experiment we evaluated the influence of co-exposure on plasmatic parameters mentioned above. Samples were collected on days 10, 20 and 30 of exposure.

RESULTS: Biochemical analysis revealed a significant decrease in calcium (T20) and an increase in natrium (T10) and chlorides (T10) values in combined cyanobacterial and arsenic exposures. Our results showed a significant decrease in the values of magnesium after exposure to higher concentration of arsenic compared to control and feeding with addition of cyanobacterial biomass groups. The changes of other monitored plasmatic parameters were not significantly increased or decreased in comparison with controls.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirmed the hypothesis that influence of toxic cyanobacterial biomass and a chemical agent represented by arsenic can combine to enhance the effects on fish. This work originally shows that while the single agents in sub-lethal doses do not cause changes in the plasmatic parameters, their co-exposure leads to the significantly decrease or increase of the electrolytes of rainbow trout.p>...

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Journal Article 2014; 35(Suppl 2): 51-56 PubMed PMID: 25638366 Citation  Keywords:  Animals, Astacoidea:drug effects, Environmental Exposure:adverse effects, Herbicides:toxicity, Toxicity Tests, Subchronic, Triazines:toxicity, Water Pollutants, Chemical:toxicity, Water Pollution, Chemical:adverse effects,.   

<p>OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to investigate effects of the triazine herbicide metribuzin on signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus Dana by determining oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and antioxidant indices (total superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase) in hepatopancreas, muscle, and gill as well as assessing their histopathology.

DESIGN: Crayfish were exposed to metribuzin concentrations of 0.52 μg x l(-1) (realistic environmental concentration) and 3.06 mg x l(-1) (10% 96hLC50) for 10 and 30 days followed by a 30-day depuration period without exposure to metribuzin.

RESULTS: In the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were observed differences in all examined tissues compared to the control group. Differences from control were observed in glutathione reductase activity in hepatopancreas after 10 days for both exposure concentrations and after 30 days at 3.06 mg x l(-1). Histological examination revealed extensive focal autolytic disintegration of tubular epithelium in hepatopancreas of crayfish exposed to metribuzin for 30 days.

CONCLUSIONS: Chronic exposure of metribuzin resulted in oxidative damage to cell lipids, in changes of antioxidant activity in crayfish tissue, and pathological changes in hepatopancreas. The results suggest that selected oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant enzymes, and pathologies of hepatopancreas may have potential as biomarkers for monitoring residual triazine herbicides in the aquatic environment.p>...

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Journal Article 2014; 35(Suppl 2): 43-50 PubMed PMID: 25638365 Citation  Keywords:  Animals, Environmental Monitoring, Oligochaeta:drug effects, Palladium:toxicity, Platinum:toxicity, Rhodium:toxicity, Soil, Soil Pollutants:toxicity,.   

<p>OBJECTIVES: The platinum group elements (PGE) platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), and rhodium (Rh) are used in automobile catalytic converters, from which they have been emitted into the environment to an increasing degree over the last 20 years. Despite the bioavailability of these metals to plants and animals, studies determining the effects of PGE on organisms are extremely rare. Enchytraeids are ecologically relevant soil organisms, due to their activity in decomposition and bioturbation in many soil types worldwide.

DESIGN: The experiments were carried out as described in the OECD Guideline 220 [CSN EN ISO 16387--Soil quality--Effects of pollutants on Enchytraeidae (Enchytraeus sp.)--Determination of effects on reproduction]. The reproductive effects of platinum (PtCl4), palladium (PdCl2) and rhodium (RhCl3) were examined. The concentrations of PGE tested were as follows: 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 μmol x L(-1) PdCl2; 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 μmol x L-1 PtCl4/RhCl3. The EC50 (medium effective concentration) was determined after 28 days of exposure. The inhibition of the reproduction of PGE-exposed enchytraeids was compared against controls.

RESULTS: Values of 28dEC50 of PtCl4, PdCl2 and RhCl3 amounted to 161.9 μmol x L(-1), 70.0 μmol x L(-1) and 246.6 μmol x L(-1), respectively. We can confirm that the relative order of toxicities is Pd (II) >Pt(IV) >Rh(III).

CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to use Enchytraeus crypticus as an indicator species to assess the risk of soil contamination by platinum, palladium and rhodium. Results of this study contribute important data on the ecotoxicity of a rarely studied elements.p>...

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